2854
Proceedings of the 18
th
International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris 2013
The results in case of a ground slope are compared with
the corresponding results obtained by considering the
case of a horizontal ground surface. For pile with L/D =
40 and B/D = 0.0, the effects of the inclination of the
applied load on the ultimate axial load (V
u
) and the
ultimate lateral load (H
u
) are shown in Figs. 7 and 8. In
these figures, the results are normalized with respect to
the corresponding values in case of horizontal ground
surface. The ultimate axial and lateral loads decreased as
the inclination of the applied load with the vertical (α)
was increased. Increasing the relative density of the soil
will increase the ultimate load (axial and lateral) at the
same load inclination (α). For soil (C) and (α = 60
o
), the
ultimate axial load in case of pile at crest of ground slope
having an inclination 2H: 1V is about 18% smaller than
that in case of horizontal ground surface. This percentage
increases to 31% for ultimate lateral load.
6 CONCLUSIONS
The results of an experimental model were presented in
this research to study the general behavior of a single pile
in sandy soil under inclined load. The following
conclusions are drawn based on the results of tests for
pile in the level ground and near ground slope 2H: 1V:
1- The ultimate axial and lateral loads decreased as the
inclination of the applied load with the vertical (α)
increased.
2- For pile embedded in dense sand and under inclined
loads, a significant increase on the ultimate lateral load
with increasing slenderness ratio (L/D).
3- Increasing the inclination of the applied load with
vertical (α) will increase the lateral deflection along the
pile length. For pile embedded in loose sand and at (α =
90
o
), the maximum lateral deflection at ground surface is
about 53% larger than that in case of (α = 30
o
). This
percentage is about 40% for pile in dense sand (soil C).
The ratio (B/D) represents the closeness of the crest of
the ground slope to the pile head. According to Sakr and
Nasr (2010), the ratio (B/D) is very important on the
lateral behavior for piles near ground slope. Therefore,
the ultimate lateral load is plotted against the pile
distance from the slope crest (B/D) in figure 9 for pile
with (L/D = 40) and (α = 30
o
). From the above
mentioned figure, increasing of (B/D) will increase the
ultimate lateral load for different soil densities. For soil
(A), the effect of (B/D) on the ultimate lateral load can be
neglected. For soil (C) and (B/D = 0.0), the percentage
decrease in ultimate lateral load is about 21% than that in
case of a horizontal ground surface. This percentage is
18% for soil (A).
4- For the same soil and deflection, the values of (n
h
)
decreases by increasing the inclination of the applied
load (α).
5- Increasing the distance of the pile head from the slope
crest will increase the ultimate lateral load for piles
embedded in different sand densities.
7 REFERENCES
Alizadeh, M. and Davisson M.T. 1970. Lateral Load Tests on
Piles-Arkansas River Project.’ Journal of the Soil
Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 96, No.
SMS, 1583 - 1604.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
B/D
Ultimate lateral load Hu (N)
Soil (A)
Soil (B)
Soil (C)
L/D = 40
inclination of applied load = 30 degree
Abdel-Rahman K. and Achmus M. 2006. Numerical modeling
of combined axial and lateral loading of vertical piles. 6
th
European Conference on Numerical Methods in
Geotechnical Engineering, Graz, Austria.
Broms, B.B. 1964. Lateral Resistance of Piles in Cohesionless
Soils. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations
Division, ASCE, Vol. 90, No. SM3, 123 - 156.
Chari. T.R. and Meyerhof G. 1983. Ultimate capacity of single
rigid piles under inclined loads in sand. Canadian
Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 20, 849-854.
Christos A. and Michael G. 1993. Interaction of Axial and
Lateral Pile Responses. Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 119, No. 4, April.
Fig.
nd
9. Relationship between (B/D) and (Hu) for pile near grou
slope 2H: 1V.
Poulos, H.G. and Davis E.H. 1980. Pile Foundation Analysis
and Design. John Wiley and Sons.
Figure 10 presents the experimental bending moments
along the pile length for pile with (L/D = 40) embedded
in loose sand (soil A) and (α) equal to 30
o
, and 60
o
respectively. From the above figure, increasing of (α)
will increase the maximum bending moment. For
example from experimental results and at (α = 60
o
), the
maximum bending moment is about 31% larger than that
in case of (α = 30
o
). It is clear that the depth of the point
of the maximum bending moment is about 25% from the
pile length measured from the ground surface.
Reese, L.C. and Matlock H. 1956. Non-Dimensional Solutions
for Laterally loaded Piles with soil Modulus Assumed
Proportional to Depth. Proceedings, Eighth Texas
Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Engineering, Austin, Texas.
Sakr, M.A. and Nasr A.M. 2010. Behavior of pile groups
arrangement adjacent to a sand slope under lateral load.
DFI 35
th
Annual Conference on Deep Foundations,
Hollywood, California, 12 – 15 October, 315 – 323.
Sastry, V. and Meyerhof G. 1990. Behavior of flexible piles
under inclined loads. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol.
27, No. 1, 849-854.
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
Bending moment x 10
-2
(N.m)
Depth (m x 10
-2
)
Inclination of load = 30 degrees
Inclination of load = 60 degrees
L/D = 40
Soil (A)
P = 30 N
B/D = 0.0
Terzaghi K. 1942. Discussion of the Progress Report of the
Committee on the Bearing Value of Pile Foundation. Proc.
ASCE, Vol. 68.
Tomilson M.J. 1980. Pile Design and Construction Practice. A
View Point Publication, London.
Vankamamidi V.R.N. and Geoffrey G.M. 1999. Flexible Pile In
Soil Layered Under Eccentric and Inclined Loads. Soil and
Foundations, Vol. 39, No. 1, Feb., 11 – 20.
Fig. 10. Experimental bending moment along the pile length at
different load inclination.
