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is unique and even similarity of soil deposits does not mean the
same condition of the dynamic settlement development.
Physical evidences of damage to structures from dynamic
sources are very important. Therefore, much attention is
provided for measurement of crack width at condition surveys
of structures during pile driving.
Changes of crack dimensions are the major evidences of
vibration effects on structures. Micrometers are used to
determine changes of crack widths. It is necessary to keep in
mind that each structure has its own “breathing” because of
microseisms in the earth and human activities inside and
outside structures. Hence, it is typical that crack widths may
vary in time. If crack widths increase without increasing of
crack lengths, it is a safe situation. However, if variations of
crack widths trigger increasing of crack length, it becomes
dangerous for structures. Thus, changes of crack widths alone
are not the indicators of damage to structures from pile driving.
Therefore, it is necessary to measure crack widths together
with assessment of crack length enlargements.
7. CONCLUSIONS
Ground vibrations from pile driving may harmfully affect
structures, people and sensitive devices, and these effects
should be evaluated before and during pile driving operations.
The paper presents several controversial and contradictory
issues in assessment of ground vibrations generated by pile
driving. Analyses of various approaches are important for
practical applications.
A connection of the stress-wave theory with ground
vibrations from pile driving has few problems. There is no
unique solution of stress-wave propagation in the pile because
different signal-matching software provides different
outcomes. Internal forces in piles may somewhat affect ground
vibrations in the proximity of the pile. However, according to
Saint Venant’s principle, wave propagation in piles does not
affect dynamic field at some distance from a driven pile.
Pile impedance affects ground vibrations in the proximity
of driven piles, but this pile property does not affect the
dynamic field at some distance from driven piles in accordance
with Saint Venant’s principle.
Pile installation generates ground vibrations due to the
hammer energy applied to a pile. Missing correlation between
PPV of ground vibrations and the hammer energy in some case
histories occurred on account of the effects of soil conditions,
the pile penetration depth, and the soil resistance to pile
penetration into the ground. Nevertheless, the hammer energy
is the major cause of ground vibrations because without the
hammer energy there are no pile penetration into the ground
and ground vibrations.
Pile capacity and ground vibrations are outcomes of the
same pile installation and only an accidental correlation
between them is possible.
Condition surveys should be performed before, during and
after pile driving. Assessment of crack length enlargements has
to accompany measurements of crack widths because changes
of crack widths alone are not the indicators of damage to
structures from pile driving.
Clarification of different views on the problems would be
helpful in practice for assessment of pile driving effects on
surrounding structures.
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