2528
Proceedings of the 18
th
International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris 2013
cos
)
cos(
sin)
(
tan
sin )
( sin
sin )
( )
( )
(
cos )
( )
(
1
1
2
2
T
D
WW
T
D
U U U U lU U
WW lc c
F
w
v
w
v
v
v
v
v
(1)
1.32
Figure 3. Numerical analysis of slope stability including the influence of vegetation cover (cross-section III-III please refer to Figure 1).
where all the parameters indexed with v mean changes
according to vegetation influence. Additionally such parameters
like D
w
(wind force), T (tensile rooth strength) are also included
in the equation. This method was basically developed to assess
the stability of slope according to the soil reinforcement by
anchors or geotextiles, or vegetation effects. By using the
Slip4Ex spreadsheet (Greenwood 2006), it is possible to assess
how the distribution and type of vegetation can influences the
Factor of Safety. After full establishment and grow of proposed
plants the numerical analyses of slope stability were conducted.
A distribution of high vegetation cover on analysed slope
(cross-section III-III) is presented in Figure 3.
Firstly the numerical analyses were conducted for bare
slopes. The computations were based on Bishop method which
was employed during analyses performed in GeoStudio2007
software. The second step was to determine factor of safety
influenced by plants.
The results obtained proved that the factor of safety for the
slopes covered with plant was improved as much as 20%. The
initial results of numerical modeling for bare slopes has
presented unstable condition, however long term monitoring
proved that no sings of failure were noticed. The only reliable
explanation for such state could be a presence of well developed
vegetation on slopes. The example of results of numerical
analyses for slope stability for bare and vegetated slopes is
presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Comparison of numerical analyses of factor of safety for bare
and vegetated slopes
Factor of safety
Cross Section
Bare slope
Bishop method
Vegetated slope
Greenwood method
I-I
1.30
1.38
II-II
1.35
1.42
III-III
1.15
1.32
5 CONCLUSIONS
The instability of slopes is one of the most significant problem
concerning reclamation processes of landfill sites. The partial
solution for this issue is presented in the paper. There are
available methods, which are relatively simple, efficient, and
cost effective. The use of fly ash and sewage sludge for the
reclamation of the surface of landfill is an alternative.. It also
solves the problem of the ash storage which, from the
economical and environmental point of view, is very positive.
The reinforcement of slope does not require only heavy
engineering methods, basic solution as a proper selection and
implementation of plants is always worth consideration. It is
definitely cost effective, environment friendly and reasonable
technique accelerating landfill reclamation works. Furthermore,
other waste material like compost could be a great substitute of
humus for the surface reclamation layer establishment. The
compost could be used for reinforced grass carpets production,
which positively influences the erosion control on slopes, a
factor which often determines processes of slope failure.
6 REFERENCES
CEN/BT WG2003 2009.
Earthworks
. Final report Feb. 2009.
Clark L.J., Whalley1 W.R, and Barraclough P.B. 2003. How do
roots penetrate strong soil?
Plant and Soil
, 255, 93–104.
Coppin, N. J., and Richards, I. G. 1990.
Use of vegetation in
civil engineering
. CIRIA – Butterworths, London.
Greenwood, J.R. 2006. SLIP4EX – A Program for Routine
Slope Stability Analysis to Include the Effects of
Vegetation, Reinforcement and Hydrological Changes.
Geotech. and Geol. Eng
., No. 24 (3), 449-465.
Katsumi T., Inui T., and Kamon M. 2010. Sustainable
geotechnics for reuse of by-products
. Proc. of the 6th Inter.
Congress on Env. Geotech
., New Delhi Vol. 1, 302-317.
Koda E. 2011.
Stability and pollutant transport from
remediated landfills with the use of Observational Method
.
SGGW
Press,
Warsaw, Scient. public. No 384 [In Polish].
Koda E. 2012. Development plan of Radiowo landfill site, a ski
slope construction.
X Conf. “For city and environment-
waste management issues”,
Warsaw, 110-117 [In Polish].
Koda E. and Osinski P. 2011. Slope erosion control with the use
of fly-ash and sewage sludge.
Ann. Warsaw Univ. Life
Scien., Land Reclam
. No. 43 (1), 1-12.
Koda E., Osiński P., and Głażewski M. 2012. Use of fly-ash and
sewage sludge for the erosion control on sanitary landfill
slopes.
GeoCongress 2012, - State of the Art and Practice in
Geotechnical Engineering.
ASCE GSP No 225, 3873- 3890.
Norris, J.E. and Greenwood, J.R. 2003 Root reinforcement on
unstable slopes in Northern Greece and Central Italy.
Inter.
Conf. on Problematic Soils
,
Nottingham
, 414-418.
Proceedings of the 18
th
International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris 2013
4
co )
cos(
sin)
(
tan
sin )
( sin
sin )
( )
( )
(
cos )
( )
(
1
1
2
2
T
D
WW
T
D
U U U U lU U
WW lc c
F
w
v
w
v
v
v
v
v
(1)
1.32
Figure 3. Numerical analysis of slope stability including the influence of vegetation cover (cross-section III-III please refer to Figure 1).
where all the para et rs i
it
ean changes
a cording to vegetati i fl
ll such parameters
like D
w
(wind force), (t
t ) are also included
in the equation. This
t
l
eloped to as es
the stab lity of slope
il r i force ent by
anchors or geotextiles,
ts. y using the
Slip4Ex spreadsh et ( r
, it i ssible to as es
how the distribution and t
f
t ti can influences the
Factor of Safety. fter full est lis
t and gro of proposed
plants the numerical analyses of slope stability ere conducted.
A distribution of high vegetation cover on analysed slope
(cross-section III-III) is presented in Figure 3.
Firstly the numerical analyses were conducted for bare
slopes. The computations were based on Bishop method which
was employed during analyses performed in GeoStudio2007
software. The second step was to determine factor of safety
influenced by plants.
The results obtained proved that the factor of safety for the
slopes covered with plant was improved as much as 20%. The
initial results of numerical modeling for bare slopes has
presented unstable condition, however long term monitoring
proved that no sings of failure were noticed. The only reliable
explanation for such state could be a presence of well developed
vegetation on slopes. The example of results of numerical
analyses for slope stability for bare and vegetated slopes is
presented in Tabl 3.
Table 3. Comparison of numerical analyses of factor of safety for bare
nd vegetated slopes
Cross Section
Factor of safety
Bare slope
Bishop method
Vegetated slope
Gre nwood method
I-I
1.30
1.38
II-II
. 5
1.42
III-III
.1
1.32
5 CONCLUSIONS
The instability of slopes is one of the most significant problem
concerning reclamation processes of landfill sites. The partial
solution for this issue is presented in the paper. There are
available methods, which are relatively simple, efficient, and
cost effective. The use of fly ash and sewage sl dge for t
reclamation of the surface of landfill is an alternative.. It also
solves the pr blem of he ash storage which, from the
economical and environm ntal point of view, is very positive.
The r inforcement of slope does not require only heavy
engineering methods, basic s luti n as a proper s lection and
implementation of plants is a ways worth consideration. It is
definitely cost effectiv , environment friendly and reasonable
technique accelerating landfill reclamation works. Furtherm re,
other waste material like compost could be a great substitute of
humus for the surface reclamation layer establishment. The
compost could be used for reinforced grass carpets production,
which positively influences the erosion control on slopes, a
factor which often determines processe of slope failure.
6 REFERENCES
CEN/BT WG2003 2009.
Earthworks
. Final report Feb. 2009.
Cla k L.J., Whalley1 W.R, and Barraclough .B. 2003. How do
roots netr te strong soi ?
Plan and Soil
, 255, 93
–
104.
Coppin, N. J., and ichards, I. G. 1990.
Use f vegetation i
civil engineering
. CIRIA
–
Butterworths, London
Greenwood, J.R. 2006. SLIP4EX
–
A Program for Routine
Slope Stability Analysis to Include the Effects of
Vegetation, Rei forc ment and Hydrological Changes.
Geotech. and Geol. Eng
., No. 24 (3), 449-465.
Katsumi T., Inui T., and Kamon M. 2010. Sustainable
geotechnics for reuse of by-products
. Proc. of the 6th Inter.
Congress on Env. Geotech
., New Delhi Vol. 1, 302-317.
Koda E. 2011.
Stability and pollutant transport from
remediated landfills with the use of Observational Method
.
SGGW
Press,
Warsaw, Scient. public. No 384 [In Polish].
Koda E. 2012. Development plan of Radiowo landfill site, a ski
slope construction.
X Conf. “For city and environment
-
waste management issues”,
Warsaw, 110-117 [In Polish].
Koda E. and Osinski P. 2011. Slope erosion control with the use
of fly-ash and sewage sludge.
Ann. Warsaw Univ. Life
Scien., Land Reclam
. No. 43 (1), 1-12.
Koda E., Osiński P., and Głażewski M. 2012. Use of fly
-ash and
sewage sludge for the erosion control on sanitary landfill
slopes.
G oCongress 2012, - State of the Art and Practice in
Ge technical Engineering.
ASCE GSP No 225, 3873- 3890.
Norris, J.E. and Greenwood, J.R. 2003 Root reinforcement on
unstable slopes in Northern Greece and Central Italy.
Inter.
Conf. on Problematic Soils
,
Nottingham
, 414-418.
