Actes du colloque - Volume 1 - page 627

648
Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris 2013
Table 1. Paper distributions among continents
Continent Paper No.
Africa 1
Asia 15
Australia 4
Europe 23
North America 8
South America 1
Table 2. Geographical distribution of 52 papers
Country Paper No. Country Paper No.
Australia 4 Ireland 1
Bangladesh 1 Japan 4
Brazil 1 Mexico 1
Canada 5 Netherlands 2
China,
Mainland
1 Norway 4
China, Taiwan 1 Protugal 1
Croatia 1 Russia 2
Denmark 1 Singapore 2
Egypt 1 South Korea 1
Finland 1 Spain 3
France 2 Switzerland 1
Germany 1 Thailand 1
India 1 UK 3
Indonesia 1 USA 2
Iran 2
2 CLASSIFICATION OF PAPERS UNDER DIFFERENT
ASPECTS
To help readers to search for information from this Session on
Numerical Methods, different aspects of these papers are
grouped in a tabular form under different aspects. More
specifically, a brief summary of all 52 papers is given in Table 3.
The first column compiles the the types of numerical methods
empolyed by various authors, second cloumn summarizes the
software used if any, and the third column provides the types of
problems that these numerical methods were proposed for.
The paper number actually follows the appearing order of
these papers in the reference section. For example, P1 is
Balkumar et al. (2013) whereas P52 is Yoneda (2013), etc.
Table 3. Classification of 52 papers into different aspects.
Paper
No.
Method Software used Applications
P1 FEM Plaxis Pile
P2 FDM FLAC Reinforced earth
P3 - - Constitutive modeling
P4 - - Constitutive modeling
P5 FDM FLAC Soil-pile interaction
P6 FEM - Validation of FEM
P7 FDM FLAC Stone column
P8 SPH - Retaining wall
P9 FEM Plaxis Seismic pile
P10 FEM GeoFEA Large scale analysis on PC
P11 FEM Plaxis Hardening soil model
P12 FEM - Strain localization
P13 FEM ABAQUS Pile movement
P14 FEM Plaxis Excavation
P15 FVM Riemann solver Levee erosion
P16 FEM ABAQUS Pile driving
P17 FEM - Soil modeling
P18 FEM CORONA Earth structures
P19 RFEM RFLA Undrained bearing capacity
P20 - - Tailings
P21 FEM/FDM GA Coastal aquifers
P22 SPH - Levee erosion
P23 Galerkin - Soil-structure interaction
P24 FDM FLAC Soil-pile-structure interaction
P25 LEM MUESA Pore pressure
P26 FEM SVSLOPE-3D slope
P27 FEM ABAQUS Bridge/ Soil-structure
P28 FDM FLAC Tunnel
P29 FEM - Retaining wall
P30 FDM FLAC/GA Constitutive law for soft rock
P31 Analytic - penetrators
P32 - - Embankments/ Chemical-soil
P33 FEM ABAQUS Tunnel
P34 FEM ABAQUS Retaining wall
P35 NN - Pile-settlement
P36 FEM - Cyclic model/ constitutive
P37 FEM FREW Tunnel
P38 FEM - Breakwaters
P39 FDM FLAC-2D Desication crack
P40 FEM - Pile
P41 FEM Iwan model Deep excavation
P42 FEM Plaxis-3D Pile/tunnel
P43 - - Backfill
P44 FEM - Soil-structure interaction
P45 FDM FLAC Liquefaction
P46 NN - Single pile
P47 FEM GEOASLA Soil-water
P48 - - Constitutive modeling
P49 FEM ABAQUS Embankment
P50 MPM - Slope
P51 FEM - Pore water pressure
P52 FEM COTHMA Methane hydrate
Note that the following abbreviations are used: FEM = Finite
Element Method, FDM = Finite Difference Method, FVM =
Finite Volume Method, SPH = Smoothed Particle
Hydrodynamics, MPM = Material Point Method, RFEM =
Random Finite Element Method, GA = Genetic Algorithm, NN
= Neural Network, and LEM = Limit equilibrium. Table 3 also
provides a quick reference guide to all 52 papers, depending on
the interest of the readers.
2.1 Numerical methods used
2.1.1 Finite difference method
The origin of finite difference method (FDM) probably traces
back to the time of Leibniz and Euler (e.g. Euler’s method in
1768), and subsequently evolves into different techniques (e.g.
Runge-Kutta method). The FDM becomes more established
since 1928 after the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) stability
condition was derived for hyperbolic type of partial differential
equations (Courant et al. 1928). Its day-to-day application, of
course, starts with the popularization of computers, especially
personal computers. For the use of finite difference method,
there are 8 papers empolyed FDM and the sofware used is
called FLAC (either 2D or 3D). They include Bennani et al.
(2013), Breugnot et al. (2013), Bryson and El Naggar (2013),
Kwon et al. (2013), Mayoral et al. (2013), Pereira et al. (2013),
Stirling et al. (2013), and Wanatowski et al. (2013). The full
name of FLAC is Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua, and it
is a continuum code for modelling soil, rock and structural
behaviour. It employs the explicit finite difference formulation
and suites for modelling multistage geomechanical problems,
such as sequential excavation, backfilling and loading. The
formulation can accommodate large displacements and strains
and non-linear material behaviour, even if yield or failure
occurs over a large area or if total collapse occurs.
2.1.2 Finite element method
Finite element method (FEM) is a numerical technique for
finding approximate solutions to boundary value problems. It
uses either the weighted residue method (e.g. Galerkin method)
or the variational methods via the use of calculus of variations
(e.g. Rayleigh-Ritz method) to minimize an error function (in
the case of weighted residue approach) or a functional (energy