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Proceedings of the 18
th
International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris 2013
well-established scaling laws, although a limitation is the
assumption that the sandy soil behaves as a purely frictional
material, with a constant angle of friction. The results show that
such an approach does not provide similitude between the two
tests. The 1g tests indicate higher scaled resistance, but reduced
anchor penetration into the seabed – which is unconservative.
This discrepancy could be due to the higher operative friction
angle in the sand and gravel at 1g. Correct scaling is shown to
be important when gathering design data for anchor-pipeline
interaction.
4.2
Open-pit mine stability
The stability of open-pit mines is investigated through physical
modelling by Pipatsonga et al. (2013). This study was prompted
by stability concerns at the Meo Moh mine in Thailand. A series
of model tests was performed to investigates the mechanism by
which arching across a steep cut slope provides additional
stability, compared to the simple planar case.
The investigation comprised physical model tests performed
at 1g and in a centrifuge using the gravity turn-on method, to
identify different failure mechanisms. Slopes with supports of
different geometry were constructed. Failure mechanisms
included sliding and buckling of the undercut slope. The critical
conditions for failure depended on the strength and stiffness of
the buttressing supports.
These observations were used to calibrate simple design
expressions for the conditions for failure. The results were
immediately applied to the Meo Moh mine in Thailand, using
site-specific characterisations data to provide input soil
properties. The improved design of the open pit supports
resulted in reduced requirements for excavation, transportation
and dumping.
4.3
Performance of dike monitoring systems
Physical modelling on an extremely large scale is reported by
Keolewijn et al. (2013). They describe a set of field experiments
which were focused both on understanding the geotechnical
performance of the structures, and also on the performance of
the monitoring systems. A set of 3.5 m high dikes were
constructed at a soft ground test site in the north east of the
Netherlands. The study trialled different proprietary systems for
monitoring dike performance and providing data that can be
used to guide flood protection activities. Real time monitoring
of dike performance is important for safety and maintenance
programming in the Netherlands. New technology for remote
sensing and data transmission allow dike networks to be
monitored continuously from a central control location.
Various forms of instrumentation, including piezometers,
inclinometers, fibre optic strain gauges, synthetic aperture radar
and thermal cameras were used to monitor the behaviour of the
three test dikes during controlled impounding on one side. The
dikes were constructed in different ways, to encourage different
failure mechanisms, including basal piping, internal erosion and
overtopping.
The monitoring systems used the data streams in different
ways to assess the dike status and predict the onset of
instability. In some cases, the data was linked in real time to
finite element simulations. These physical model tests have
proven successful in demonstrating the potential of these dike
monitoring systems, some of which are now in use in other
countries worldwide.
5 CLOSING COMMENTS
The papers submitted to the TC104 session, and the physical
modelling papers to the wider ICSMGE program provide
contributions across the whole realm of geotechnical
engineering. This report describes highlights, and provides a
broader commentary on the role that physical modelling plays
in advancing research and practice in geotechnics.
6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Support from the ARC Future Fellowships program and from
Shell Australia is acknowledged by the first author.
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